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What role does Qatar play in the Middle East, and how does it differ from other Gulf states? This groundbreaking history explores how the ruling Al-Thani family transformed Qatar from a traditional tribal society and British protectorate into a modern state. It examines Qatar's emergence as an economic superpower with one of the highest per capita incomes globally and the social, political, and economic consequences of its rapid development. The author presents a comprehensive analysis of Qatar's crucial role in the Middle East, drawing on original sources in Arabic, English, and French, along with fieldwork in the region. He traces the influence of the Ottoman and British empires and Qatar's Gulf neighbors leading up to its post-independence rise. The narrative emphasizes the nation’s economic and social history, from its humble beginnings in pearling and fishing to its significant economic power, bolstered by the second-highest natural gas reserves in the region. The book also addresses Qatar's future as it seeks to diversify beyond oil and gas. It explores the paradox of a country where monarchy, traditional tribal culture, and conservative Islamic values coexist with ultra-modern development and a large foreign workforce that outnumbers Qatari citizens. This unique work offers a multi-faceted picture of modern Qatar’s political, cultural, religious, social, and economic landscape and its significance within the Gulf Coop