Between High and Low

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The chronology of the period 323-311 BC, from the death of Alexander the Great until the battle of Gaza, and the way how Diodor of Sicily depicts it in the books 18-20 of his Universal History has occupied the scholarly world from the nineteenth century onwards. Two “schools” have dominated chronological research: the traditional or so-called “high” chronology and its opponent the “low” chronology. These chronological hypotheses disagree by one year at the end of the First Diadoch War and at the end of the Second Diadoch War, but the chronological gap is narrowed down to approximately six months at the end of the Third Diadoch War. A final complication is that both hypotheses agree on the chronology for the events in Asia Minor following Antipater’s return to Europe until Eumenes’ retreat to the East during the Second Diadoch War. The author explores the chronological information in Babylonian, Aramaic, Egyptian and Lydian source material to reconstruct the events mentioned by Diodor. On the basis of Babylonian cuneiform evidence and the date formulas from Aramaic ostraca originating from Idumaea he proposes to combine the low chronology at the beginning with the high chronology later.