The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Vol. 4

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This comprehensive encyclopedia serves as a unique reference for institutions, religion, politics, and culture in Muslim societies globally, with a focus on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It features over 750 articles across four volumes, covering Muslims in the Arab heartland, South and Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The resource provides extensive comparative analyses of Islamic beliefs, institutions, movements, practices, and peoples on an international scale. Articles are alphabetically arranged, varying from concise 500-word essays to in-depth treatments of topics such as the Islamic state, pilgrimage, law, marriage, and foreign relations. Related entries explore general interest areas including social and political movements, women, Muslim minorities, human rights, Islam in the West, and interreligious relations. The encyclopedia also delves into the lives of influential figures in Islam, such as Muhammad, Aga Khan, Malcolm X, Muhammad Iqbal, 'Ali Shari'ati, Ayatollah Khomeini, and Hasan al-Turabi. This multidisciplinary work reflects contemporary scholarship in Islamic studies, utilizing tools from the humanities and social sciences to examine the interconnections of religion, politics, and culture in Muslim societies, making it an essential reference for scholars, students, analysts, and anyone interested in Islamic politics and culture.