IBM

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This history chronicles one of the most influential American companies of the last century. For decades, IBM shaped global business practices, with its products embedded in large organizations and its corporate culture inspiring management styles worldwide. Known as "Big Blue," IBM faced both failures and successes, navigating periods of stagnant revenue and necessary reinvention. In the early 1990s, the company nearly collapsed but rebounded with new strategies and a focus on artificial intelligence. In this comprehensive account, James Cortada, a historian and former IBM employee, details the company's technological breakthroughs, such as the punch card for the 1890 census, the first Social Security checks in the 1930s, and the mass introduction of the PC in the 1980s. He explores IBM's employee and customer-centric culture, its global expansion, regulatory challenges, and the leadership of its CEOs. Cortada emphasizes that IBM's remarkable longevity in the information technology market stems from its ability to adapt to evolving circumstances and technologies.