Science Observed

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Distinguished scholars systematically survey recent developments in the study of science as a social phenomenon, highlighting a range of new approaches. These include the Edinburgh School of interest theory and the relativist programme, alongside ethnomethodological studies, discourse analysis, the knowledge perspective, and constructivist/ethnographic studies. Major revisions in the Marxist view of science are also discussed. The volume addresses whether studies should focus on the internal processes of science or its societal impacts, exploring ongoing controversies in the field. The essays emphasize the importance of including the technical context of science within sociological analysis and highlight scientific publications and language as key mediums for knowledge exchange. Technical knowledge emerges as a product of negotiation, revealing that the technical aspects of science are deeply intertwined with social processes. The essays challenge the traditional distinction between technical and social dimensions of knowledge creation. They not only review and debate new developments but also pose bold questions and begin to establish an empirical foundation for addressing them.